Welcome to the US History Final Exam Semester 1! This exam will cover the major events and themes in American history from the American Revolution to the end of the Cold War. We will explore the causes and consequences of these events, as well as their impact on American society.

The exam will be divided into three parts. The first part will cover the period from the American Revolution to the Civil War. The second part will cover the period from Reconstruction to the end of World War II. The third part will cover the period from the Cold War to the present day.

American Revolution

The American Revolution, also known as the American Revolutionary War, was a colonial revolt that took place in British America between 1775 and 1783. The American Patriots in the Thirteen Colonies fought for independence from Great Britain, and with the aid of France, they eventually succeeded.

Causes of the American Revolution

The American Revolution was caused by a combination of political, economic, and social factors. Some of the key causes included:

• British economic policies:The British government imposed a series of economic policies on the colonies, including taxes and tariffs, which the colonists felt were unfair.
• Political grievances:The colonists were unhappy with the British government’s lack of representation in Parliament and its attempts to control colonial affairs.
• Enlightenment ideas:The colonists were influenced by Enlightenment ideas, which emphasized the importance of individual rights and liberty.

Major Events of the American Revolution

The American Revolution began with the Battle of Lexington and Concord in 1775. The war continued for several years, with major battles taking place at Saratoga, Yorktown, and Trenton. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris was signed, which recognized the independence of the United States.

Significance of the American Revolution

The American Revolution was a significant event in world history. It was the first successful colonial revolt against a European power. The American Revolution also had a profound impact on the development of democracy and individual rights around the world.

The Constitution

The Constitution is the supreme law of the United States. It establishes the framework for the government, defines the fundamental rights of citizens, and limits the powers of the government.

Main Principles

• Limited Government:The Constitution limits the power of the government to protect individual rights.
• Separation of Powers:The Constitution divides the government into three branches (executive, legislative, and judicial) to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful.
• Checks and Balances:Each branch of government has the power to check the other branches, ensuring no single branch becomes too powerful.
• Rule of Law:The Constitution establishes the principle that everyone, including the government, is subject to the law.
• Individual Rights:The Constitution guarantees certain fundamental rights to all citizens, including freedom of speech, religion, and the right to bear arms.

Structure

The Constitution consists of seven articles, each of which addresses a specific aspect of government:

1. Article I:Legislative Branch (Congress)
2. Article II:Executive Branch (President)
3. Article III:Judicial Branch (Courts)
4. Article IV:Relations between States
5. Article V:Amendment Process
6. Article VI:Supremacy of the Constitution
7. Article VII:Ratification Process

Amendments

The Constitution has been amended 27 times since its ratification in 1789. Amendments are used to change or add to the original text of the Constitution. Some notable amendments include:

• Bill of Rights (Amendments 1-10):Guarantees fundamental rights, such as freedom of speech and religion.
• Thirteenth Amendment:Abolished slavery.
• Fourteenth Amendment:Granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States.
• Nineteenth Amendment:Granted women the right to vote.
• Twenty-Second Amendment:Limits the President to two terms in office.

The Civil War

The Civil War, a cataclysmic conflict that tore apart the United States from 1861 to 1865, stands as a pivotal event in American history. Its roots lay in deep-seated tensions between the North and the South, particularly over the issue of slavery.

Causes of the Civil War

The primary cause of the Civil War was the institution of slavery. The Northern states had largely abolished slavery, while the Southern states relied heavily on it as a labor force. This disparity led to intense debates over the expansion of slavery into new territories and the rights of enslaved individuals.

Other contributing factors included economic differences, political disagreements, and the rise of nationalism in both the North and the South. The North’s industrial economy clashed with the South’s agricultural economy, and political divisions over issues such as tariffs and federal power further exacerbated tensions.

Major Events of the Civil War

The Civil War erupted in April 1861, when Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina. The conflict quickly escalated into a bloody and protracted struggle, with major battles taking place in Virginia, Tennessee, and Georgia. The Union Army, led by General Ulysses S.

Grant, gradually gained the upper hand, while the Confederate Army, led by General Robert E. Lee, fought valiantly but ultimately succumbed.

The war ended in 1865 with the surrender of Confederate forces at Appomattox Court House. The Union had prevailed, preserving the United States as a single nation.

Significance of the Civil War

The Civil War had a profound impact on American society and politics. It resulted in the abolition of slavery, a major step forward in the struggle for racial equality.

The war also strengthened the federal government and laid the foundation for the modern American nation. It led to the passage of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the Constitution, which guaranteed citizenship and equal protection under the law for all Americans, regardless of race.

The Civil War remains a defining moment in American history, a time of great sacrifice and struggle that ultimately shaped the nation’s destiny.

Reconstruction

Reconstruction was a period in American history following the Civil War (1865-1877) during which the federal government sought to reunite the country, abolish slavery, and establish the civil rights of African Americans. It was a complex and challenging time, marked by both progress and setbacks.

Goals of Reconstruction

The goals of Reconstruction were threefold:

1. Reunite the Union
2. Abolish slavery
3. Establish the civil rights of African Americans

Major Events of Reconstruction

Reconstruction was a period of great upheaval and change. Some of the major events of this period include:

• The passage of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the Constitution, which abolished slavery, granted citizenship to African Americans, and guaranteed their right to vote.
• The establishment of the Freedmen’s Bureau, which provided aid to former slaves.
• The impeachment of President Andrew Johnson for his opposition to Reconstruction.
• The passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1875, which outlawed discrimination in public accommodations.
• The end of Reconstruction in 1877 with the withdrawal of federal troops from the South.

Legacy of Reconstruction

Reconstruction was a period of great progress for African Americans. However, it was also a time of great violence and resistance from white Southerners. The legacy of Reconstruction is complex and contested. Some historians argue that it was a success, while others argue that it was a failure.

However, there is no doubt that Reconstruction had a profound impact on American history.

The Gilded Age

The Gilded Age was a period of rapid economic growth and industrialization in the United States that lasted from the end of the Civil War to the beginning of the 20th century. It was a time of great wealth and prosperity for some, but also of poverty and inequality for others.

The Gilded Age was characterized by a number of factors, including:

• The rise of big business and the growth of corporations
• The development of new technologies, such as the telegraph, the telephone, and the electric light
• The influx of immigrants from Europe
• The expansion of the American empire

Major Events of the Gilded Age

Some of the major events of the Gilded Age include:

• The Panic of 1873, which led to a severe economic depression
• The Great Railroad Strike of 1877, which was one of the first major labor strikes in the United States
• The assassination of President James A. Garfield in 1881
• The passage of the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1890, which was designed to break up monopolies
• The Spanish-American War in 1898, which led to the United States acquiring new territories in the Caribbean and the Pacific

Impact of the Gilded Age on American Society

The Gilded Age had a profound impact on American society. It led to the rise of a new wealthy elite, the growth of cities, and the development of a new consumer culture. It also led to increased social tensions and the rise of labor unions.

The Progressive Era

The Progressive Era, spanning from the late 19th century to the early 20th century, marked a period of significant social, economic, and political reform in the United States. The era was characterized by a widespread belief in the need for government intervention to address the problems caused by industrialization and urbanization.

Goals of the Progressive Era

The Progressive Era reformers sought to achieve a wide range of goals, including:

• Protecting consumers from unsafe products and unfair business practices.
• Improving working conditions and wages for laborers.
• Expanding access to education and healthcare.
• Promoting social justice and equality.
• Increasing the role of government in regulating the economy and society.

Major Events of the Progressive Era, Us history final exam semester 1

The Progressive Era was marked by a number of major events, including:

• The formation of the Progressive Party in 1912.
• The passage of the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1890.
• The establishment of the Federal Reserve System in 1913.
• The passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906.
• The passage of the Clayton Antitrust Act in 1914.

Impact of the Progressive Era

The Progressive Era had a profound impact on American society. The era’s reforms helped to improve the lives of millions of Americans, and they laid the foundation for many of the social welfare programs that exist today.The Progressive Era also had a lasting impact on the role of government in American society.

The era’s reformers believed that government had a responsibility to protect its citizens from the negative effects of industrialization and urbanization. This belief led to a significant expansion of the role of government in the economy and society.

World War I

World War I, also known as the Great War, was a global conflict that erupted in Europe in 1914 and lasted until 1918. It involved the vast majority of the world’s great powers, assembling into two opposing military alliances: the Allies (primarily France, the Russian Empire, the British Empire, Italy, Japan, and later the United States) and the Central Powers (primarily Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria).

The war began with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria by a Serbian nationalist in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914. The assassination triggered a chain of events that led to the outbreak of war within a month. The war was fought on multiple fronts, including in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and Asia.

Causes of World War I

• Imperialism and nationalism: The major European powers were competing for colonies and spheres of influence around the world. This competition led to tensions and rivalries between the powers.
• Militarism: The major European powers had been building up their militaries in the years leading up to the war. This arms race created a sense of insecurity and fear among the powers.
• Alliances: The major European powers were divided into two alliances: the Triple Entente (France, Russia, and Great Britain) and the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy). These alliances made it difficult for any one power to remain neutral in the event of a war.

• The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand: The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria by a Serbian nationalist in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914, was the immediate trigger for the outbreak of war.

Major Events of World War I

• The Schlieffen Plan: The Schlieffen Plan was a German military plan that called for a quick victory over France by invading through Belgium. The plan failed, and the war bogged down into a bloody stalemate.
• The Battle of Verdun: The Battle of Verdun was one of the longest and bloodiest battles of the war. It lasted for ten months and resulted in over 700,000 casualties.
• The Battle of the Somme: The Battle of the Somme was another major battle of the war. It lasted for five months and resulted in over 1 million casualties.
• The Russian Revolution: The Russian Revolution began in 1917 and led to the overthrow of the Tsarist regime. The revolution had a major impact on the war, as Russia withdrew from the conflict.
• The United States enters the war: The United States entered the war in 1917 on the side of the Allies. The American entry into the war helped to turn the tide of the war in favor of the Allies.
• The Armistice: The war ended with the signing of an armistice on November 11, 1918.

Impact of World War I on American Society

• The war had a profound impact on American society.It led to the deaths of over 100,000 Americans and the wounding of over 200,000 more.
• The war also had a major impact on the American economy.The war led to a boom in manufacturing, as American factories produced war materials for the Allies.
• The war also led to a number of social changes.The war helped to break down traditional gender roles, as women took on new roles in the workforce.
• The war also led to a rise in anti-immigrant sentiment.Many Americans blamed immigrants for the war, and this sentiment led to a number of anti-immigrant laws.

The Roaring Twenties

The Roaring Twenties, a decade of economic prosperity and social change, transformed American society. This period witnessed a surge in technological advancements, cultural shifts, and a loosening of societal norms.

Characteristics of the Roaring Twenties

• Economic Boom:The post-World War I economy flourished, fueled by mass production, consumerism, and stock market speculation.
• Technological Innovations:Innovations such as the radio, automobile, and household appliances revolutionized daily life.
• Cultural Shifts:The rise of jazz music, flappers, and Prohibition challenged traditional values and norms.
• Urbanization:The growth of cities led to the emergence of skyscrapers, mass transit, and a diverse urban population.

Major Events of the Roaring Twenties

• Women’s Suffrage:The ratification of the 19th Amendment in 1920 granted women the right to vote.
• Prohibition:The Volstead Act of 1920 banned the sale, manufacture, and transportation of alcoholic beverages, leading to the rise of bootlegging and organized crime.
• Stock Market Crash of 1929:The collapse of the stock market in October 1929 marked the beginning of the Great Depression.

Impact of the Roaring Twenties on American Society

The Roaring Twenties had a profound impact on American society. It ushered in a period of economic prosperity and cultural change that challenged traditional values and norms. The decade left a lasting legacy on American culture, art, and music.

The Great Depression: Us History Final Exam Semester 1

The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that began in the United States in the 1930s. The global gross domestic product (GDP) decreased by an estimated 15% between 1929 and 1932. During the Great Recession, global GDP decreased by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009.

Causes of the Great Depression

The causes of the Great Depression are complex and still debated by economists. Some of the most commonly cited factors include:

• Overproduction: The American economy was producing more goods than consumers could buy.
• Stock market crash of 1929: The stock market crash of 1929 led to a loss of confidence in the economy and a decrease in investment.
• Bank failures: The failure of banks led to a loss of savings and a decrease in lending.
• High tariffs: High tariffs made it difficult for other countries to buy American goods, which led to a decrease in exports.
• Gold standard: The gold standard made it difficult for countries to adjust their currencies to the changing economic conditions.

Major Events of the Great Depression

The Great Depression had a profound impact on American society. Some of the major events of the Great Depression include:

• The Dust Bowl: The Dust Bowl was a severe drought that affected the Great Plains region of the United States in the 1930s.
• The Bonus Army: The Bonus Army was a group of World War I veterans who marched on Washington, D.C., in 1932 to demand payment of a bonus that had been promised to them.
• The New Deal: The New Deal was a series of programs and reforms enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in an attempt to end the Great Depression.

Impact of the Great Depression on American Society

The Great Depression had a devastating impact on American society. Some of the effects of the Great Depression include:

• Unemployment: The unemployment rate reached 25% at the height of the Great Depression.
• Homelessness: Many people lost their homes and were forced to live on the streets.
• Hunger: Many people went hungry during the Great Depression.
• Social unrest: The Great Depression led to social unrest, including riots and protests.

The Great Depression ended in the late 1930s, but its effects were felt for many years to come.

World War II

World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world’s countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.

It was the most widespread war in history, with more than 100 million people mobilized in more than 30 countries. The major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources.

Causes of World War II

The causes of World War II are complex and multifaceted, but some of the key factors include:

• The rise of fascism and militarism in Europe, particularly in Germany, Italy, and Japan.
• The failure of the League of Nationsto prevent aggression and maintain peace.
• The Great Depression, which weakened the global economy and led to political instability.
• The appeasement policies of the Western powers, which allowed Germany to rearm and expand its territory.

Major Events of World War II

The major events of World War II include:

• The German invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939, which marked the beginning of the war.
• The Battle of Britain in 1940, in which the Royal Air Force defeated the German Luftwaffe.
• The attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, which brought the United States into the war.
• The Battle of Stalingrad in 1942-1943, which was a major turning point in the war.
• The D-Day landings in Normandy on June 6, 1944, which began the liberation of Europe from Nazi occupation.
• The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, which led to the surrender of Japan and the end of the war.

Impact of World War II on American Society

World War II had a profound impact on American society. The war led to:

• The mobilization of millions of Americans into the military.
• The rationing of food, fuel, and other resources.
• The growth of the federal government.
• The expansion of the American economy.
• The rise of the United States as a global superpower.

The Cold War

The Cold War was an era of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies. It began after the Second World War and lasted until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The Cold War was characterized by heightened tension, military build-ups, and ideological conflicts between the two superpowers.

Causes of the Cold War

* Ideological Differences:The United States represented capitalism and democracy, while the Soviet Union embraced communism and authoritarianism.

Post-World War II Division

The aftermath of the war left Europe divided into spheres of influence, with the Soviet Union controlling Eastern Europe.

Atomic Bomb

The development of the atomic bomb by the United States and the Soviet Union created a balance of terror and fueled paranoia.

Mutual Suspicion

Both superpowers feared each other’s intentions and saw their own actions as defensive measures.

Major Events of the Cold War

* Berlin Blockade (1948-1949):The Soviet Union blockaded West Berlin, which was occupied by Western forces.

Korean War (1950-1953)

The first major armed conflict of the Cold War, between North Korea (backed by China) and South Korea (backed by the United States).

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

The most dangerous moment of the Cold War, when the Soviet Union placed nuclear missiles in Cuba, just 90 miles from the US coast.

Vietnam War (1955-1975)

A protracted conflict between North Vietnam (backed by the Soviet Union) and South Vietnam (backed by the United States).

Space Race

A competition between the United States and the Soviet Union to achieve dominance in space exploration.

Impact of the Cold War on American Society

* Increased Military Spending:The Cold War led to a significant increase in defense spending, which fueled economic growth but also strained the budget.

National Security State

The Cold War created a permanent national security state, with the establishment of the CIA and other intelligence agencies.

Red Scare

The fear of communism led to a wave of anti-communist sentiment in the United States, resulting in the persecution of suspected communists.

Civil Rights Movement

The Cold War provided a backdrop for the Civil Rights Movement, as the United States sought to demonstrate its commitment to democracy and equality.

Economic Growth

The Cold War stimulated technological innovation and economic growth, particularly in the defense industry and space exploration.

The Civil Rights Movement

The Civil Rights Movement was a period of major social and political change in the United States that aimed to end racial segregation and discrimination. It was led by African Americans who faced widespread discrimination in all aspects of life, including voting, education, employment, and housing.The

Civil Rights Movement began in the mid-20th century and lasted for several decades. It was a nonviolent movement that used protests, boycotts, and other forms of civil disobedience to achieve its goals. The movement was successful in passing several landmark laws, including the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which outlawed racial discrimination and guaranteed voting rights for all Americans.

Major Events of the Civil Rights Movement

The Civil Rights Movement was marked by several major events, including:

• The Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956): A year-long boycott of the Montgomery, Alabama bus system led by Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King Jr. in response to the arrest of Parks for refusing to give up her seat to a white man.

• The Little Rock Nine (1957): Nine African American students who were enrolled in Little Rock Central High School despite the opposition of the Arkansas governor and the National Guard.
• The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom (1963): A massive march on Washington, D.C. that brought together over 200,000 people and featured Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I Have a Dream” speech.
• The Selma to Montgomery marches (1965): A series of marches from Selma, Alabama to Montgomery, Alabama to protest the denial of voting rights to African Americans.

Impact of the Civil Rights Movement

The Civil Rights Movement had a profound impact on American society. It led to the passage of landmark legislation that outlawed racial discrimination and guaranteed voting rights for all Americans. It also raised awareness of the issue of racial inequality and helped to change attitudes towards race.

The Civil Rights Movement is considered one of the most important social movements in American history.

The Vietnam War

The Vietnam War, a prolonged and divisive conflict, significantly impacted American society and international relations.

Causes of the Vietnam War

• -*Cold War rivalry

  The US and the Soviet Union sought to expand their spheres of influence, with Vietnam becoming a battleground for ideological supremacy.

-*Domino theory

The US feared that a communist victory in Vietnam would lead to the spread of communism throughout Southeast Asia.

-*French colonialism

Vietnam’s history of French colonialism created a nationalist movement that the US supported as a bulwark against communism.

Major Events of the Vietnam War

• -*Gulf of Tonkin incident

  In 1964, the US claimed North Vietnamese torpedo boats attacked its ships in the Gulf of Tonkin, prompting the US Congress to pass the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which authorized President Johnson to use military force.

-*Escalation of the war

The US gradually increased its military presence in Vietnam, from 16,000 advisors in 1965 to over 500,000 troops by 1968.

-*Tet Offensive

In 1968, the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong launched a surprise attack on major cities in South Vietnam, shaking American confidence in the war.

-*My Lai Massacre

In 1968, US soldiers killed hundreds of unarmed Vietnamese civilians in the village of My Lai, sparking outrage and eroding public support for the war.

Impact of the Vietnam War on American Society

• -*Social unrest

  The war led to widespread protests and demonstrations, particularly among young people, who opposed the war’s morality and its impact on American lives.

-*Political polarization

The war divided American society along political lines, with hawks supporting the war and doves advocating for its end.

-*Erosion of trust in government

The government’s handling of the war, including its initial claims about the Gulf of Tonkin incident, led to a loss of public trust in government institutions.

The Watergate Scandal

The Watergate Scandal was a major political scandal that occurred in the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon. The scandal began with the break-in of the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate office complex in Washington, D.C.,

on June 17, 1972. The break-in was carried out by operatives working for Nixon’s re-election campaign. The scandal quickly escalated as it was revealed that Nixon and his administration had been involved in a cover-up of the break-in.

Impact on American Politics

The Watergate Scandal had a profound impact on American politics. The scandal led to the resignation of President Nixon in August 1974, making him the first and only president to resign from office. The scandal also led to a loss of public trust in the government and a decline in the popularity of the Republican Party.

The Watergate Scandal is often cited as a turning point in American history, as it marked the end of the era of Watergate and the beginning of a new era of political cynicism.

Lessons Learned

The Watergate Scandal taught many lessons about the importance of accountability and transparency in government. The scandal showed that even the highest-ranking officials in the government are not above the law. The scandal also showed that the media plays a vital role in holding the government accountable.

The lessons learned from the Watergate Scandal have helped to shape the way that the government is run today.

The Reagan Era

The Reagan Era, spanning from 1981 to 1989, was marked by significant economic, political, and social changes under President Ronald Reagan’s conservative leadership. Reagan’s policies aimed to revitalize the economy, reduce government intervention, and strengthen national defense.

Economic Policies

• Reaganomics:A set of economic policies focused on tax cuts, deregulation, and reduced government spending.
• Tax Cuts:Significant reductions in income and capital gains taxes, intended to stimulate investment and economic growth.
• Deregulation:Loosening of government regulations in industries such as transportation, banking, and telecommunications.
• Defense Spending:Substantial increases in military spending to counter the perceived Soviet threat.

Social and Political Policies

• Conservatism:Promotion of traditional values, limited government intervention, and a strong military.
• War on Drugs:Aggressive measures to combat drug trafficking and use, leading to increased arrests and prison sentences.
• Anti-Abortion Stance:Appointment of conservative judges to the Supreme Court, resulting in restrictions on abortion rights.
• Immigration Control:Increased border patrols and tougher penalties for illegal immigration.

Impact and Legacy

The Reagan Era had a profound impact on American society, with both positive and negative consequences:

• Economic Growth:The economy experienced a period of sustained growth, with low unemployment and inflation.
• Increased Inequality:Tax cuts and deregulation benefited the wealthy more than the poor, widening the income gap.
• National Debt:Increased defense spending and tax cuts led to a significant increase in the national debt.
• Political Polarization:Reagan’s policies deepened the divide between liberals and conservatives, shaping American politics for decades to come.

The Reagan Era remains a controversial period in American history, with its policies and legacy still debated today.

The End of the Cold War

The Cold War, a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union, ended in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Several factors contributed to its demise:

• The rise of Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet Union, who initiated reforms such as glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring).
• The growing economic and political weakness of the Soviet Union, which made it difficult to sustain its military spending and global influence.
• The increasing diplomatic efforts and negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union, leading to arms control agreements and a reduction in tensions.

Impact on American Foreign Policy

The end of the Cold War had a profound impact on American foreign policy:

• The United States emerged as the sole superpower, with increased global responsibilities and influence.
• The focus of American foreign policy shifted from containment of communism to promoting democracy and free markets.
• The United States faced new challenges, such as terrorism, nuclear proliferation, and economic globalization.

Challenges in the Post-Cold War Era

The United States faced several challenges in the post-Cold War era:

• Maintaining global stability and security in the absence of a clear enemy.
• Dealing with the rise of new powers, such as China and India.
• Addressing domestic issues, such as economic inequality and social divisions, which had been overshadowed by the Cold War.

FAQ Resource

What are the major topics covered on the exam?

The major topics covered on the exam include the American Revolution, the Constitution, the Civil War, Reconstruction, the Gilded Age, the Progressive Era, World War I, the Roaring Twenties, the Great Depression, World War II, the Cold War, the Civil Rights Movement, the Vietnam War, the Watergate Scandal, the Reagan Era, the End of the Cold War, and the post-Cold War era.

What is the format of the exam?

The exam will be divided into three parts. The first part will consist of multiple choice questions. The second part will consist of short answer questions. The third part will consist of essay questions.

How much time will I have to complete the exam?

You will have three hours to complete the exam.

What should I bring to the exam?

You should bring a pen, a pencil, and a calculator to the exam.